from cmath import cos from typing import Concatenate import numpy as np start = 0 stop = 255 step = 1 / 1024 x = list(np.arange(start, stop, step)) + [stop] acc = 0 for i in x: # acc += 0.5 * i + i * i * cos((i - 128) / 128) acc += i + i * i print(acc.real)